A new election season is already upon us, and it is time to entertain a question with profound implications for American democracy: Is the average American voter well enough informed to vote intelligently?

In recent campaigns, we heard the slogans "count every vote" and "every vote counts" ad nauseam, but did most of those casting ballots know who or what they were voting for?

Not according to George Mason University law professor Ilya Somin, who recently wrote: "The sheer depth of most individual voters' ignorance is shocking to observers not familiar with the research."

For example, about 70 percent of Americans are unaware that Congress recently enacted a Medicare prescription drug plan that is expected to cost over $500 billion. More than 75 percent admit that they know little or nothing about the much-debated USA Patriot Act. And The Advertiser reported not long ago that 59 percent don't know what position William Rehnquist held.

One can take the position that these are somewhat arcane matters that voters pay their elected representatives to worry about, and that as an election approaches, the voters are rightly focused on who these representatives are going to be.

Wrong.

Nationally, 70 percent of voters can't name either of their state's two U.S. senators, and during the height of campaign season, a significant majority can not name a single candidate running in their own congressional districts, much less what the candidate's positions on important issues might be.

The National Election Survey (which has analyzed election results since 1948) has compiled extensive data on the level of voter knowledge in recent elections. Professor Somin says that the survey data show that over 25 percent of voters are "know-nothings" who know little or nothing about political issues. And the survey shows that women are twice as likely as men to fall into the "know-nothing" group.

One disturbing conclusion that can be drawn from all this is that any election that is decided by less than 25 percent of those eligible to vote (and that is the vast bulk of our elections) probably is decided by the votes of the "know nothings."

That is a lot more troubling than the much-ballyhooed problems with electronic ballots, or a relatively small number of people being prevented from voting because they cannot get themselves to the correct polling place, or do not understand English.

What can be done to change this worrisome situation and ensure that our election outcomes are truly the product of an informed majority? Not much.

Professor Somin points out that making the effort required to become a more informed voter is not a particularly rational thing to do because each citizen knows that his or her vote has a minuscule chance of affecting the outcome, he or she has little or no incentive to make the necessary effort to be better informed.

That being the case, attempting to improve political education in the schools or increasing the coverage of political matters in our media is not going to change things much. The needed political information already is widely available, but the average rational person is not motivated to seek it out.

So we are left with the fact that millions of rational decisions on the part of voters result in a worrisome outcome: elections decided by the votes of the politically uninformed.

Is it time to think about requiring potential voters to pass some variation of the old literacy test that would ensure that they had at least basic political knowledge before they could register to vote?

Or would that be too "elitist"? Are there other possible solutions? Or do we just let our democratic system gradually unravel?

Bread and circuses, anyone?

Tom Macdonald, retired president of the Hawaiian Trust Co., lives in Kane'ohe. He wrote this commentary for The Advertiser.