Evangelist Billy Graham has left behind the intricately organized and costly revival meetings that drew hundreds of thousands of people. Christians now are wondering whether that style of crusade will end with him.

Many evangelists, including Graham's son and successor, Franklin, have successfully held similar gatherings on a smaller scale, but experts on evangelism say building relationships one-on-one or in small groups may be more effective in reaching America's non-Christians.

"The bigger-is-better form of evangelism may have passed," said Craig Detweiler, who teaches theology and popular culture at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, Calif. "The emerging generation has been so advertised, media-tised and oversold that the smaller, quieter and more authentic is the growing edge of their experience."

While crusades are booming in developing countries, there are several reasons the form could die out at home. For one, crusades are generally built around a superstar pastor — and none of those coming up behind the man known as America's preacher have reached his level of prominence. At 86 and ailing, Graham held his final crusade last June.

Another problem: The logistics of big meetings is staggering.

In planning a Graham crusade, local church leaders created an organizing committee aided by the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, contacted hundreds of congregations to participate, then trained thousands of volunteers. Graham would spend several days or weeks in an area and the local organizing committee found a way to cover the costs.

"It's so hard that it takes hundreds of volunteers and a few dozen staff to host 10,000 or 15,000 men," said Steve Chavis of Promise Keepers, the men's ministry that has moved its events from stadiums to arenas in the face of decreasing attendance. "Putting on the arena events costs in the hundreds of thousands. It's the constant effort to cut costs and not let it show."

Researchers say the trend in evangelism is toward creating personal ties with non-Christians, either through service projects or in daily interactions.

In a 2004 survey on how Christians share their faith, The Barna Group found that the most common approaches by far were offering to pray with a non-Christian during a time of need and engaging in "lifestyle evangelism," which means living in ways that could impress those of other faiths so they will inquire about it. Less than half of respondents said they would bring a non-Christian friend to an outreach event.

"In recent years, the small-group approach has certainly come into more prominence," said Robert Coleman, professor of evangelism and discipleship at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary in Hamilton, Mass. Yet he also said crusades will not become obsolete if they can adapt.

One person on that path is evangelist Luis Palau, who led Graham-style meetings until his organization sensed that many Christians were attending out of a sense of duty.

Palau trimmed his festivals from several days to two, sought corporate sponsors instead of taking offerings, brought in Christian rock bands and extreme sports like skateboarding and BMX riding, and put up a food court in the middle of all the activity.

The altar call — or invitation to accept Christ as savior — is still part of the event. But as a result of the other changes, attendance has jumped from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands, according to Palau's son, Kevin, who is executive vice president of the Luis Palau Association in Portland, Ore.

"Christians want to come. They're proud to bring their friends, rather than saying, 'Gosh, I can't bring my friends to that,' " said Kevin Palau. "The day of the Billy Graham crusade is over."

There is little definitive, long-term research on how many attendees become part of a Christian community after a mass meeting. Detweiler criticizes the stadium-style meetings as "glorified pep rallies for people who feel like an attacked minority."

However, Bishop T.D. Jakes, head of The Potter's House 30,000-member church in Dallas, said many Christians need to feel that solidarity. He said big events serve a different purpose than regular worship services in megachurches like his.

"I always say that going to church is the meal that sustains us and that these special events are like vitamins ... ," said Jakes, who holds annual Megafests, four-day Christian gatherings that draw more than 100,000 people. "America likes to travel and we like big events. That's not necessarily a bad thing."